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Posts Tagged ‘Operations Research’

Product Description
Biologically inspired optimization methods constitute a rapidly expanding field of research, with new applications appearing on an almost daily basis, as optimization problems of ever-increasing complexity appear in science and technology. This book provides a general introduction to such optimization methods, along with descriptions of the biological systems upon which the methods are based. The book also covers classical optimization methods, making it possible fo… More >>

Biologically Inspired Optimization Methods: An Introduction

In this tutorial you are shown how to calculate the mean and standard deviation from a normal distribution using the following example. A high jumper knows from experience that she can clear a height of at least 1.78m once in 5 attempts. She also knows that she can clear a height of at least 1.65m on 7 out of 10 attempts. Find to 3 dp the mean and standard deviation of the heights the jumper can reach

New Simulation Tool Could Shorten Manufacturing Design Process
Novel research on improving the simulation performance of hardware models created in a language called SystemC, often used to shorten manufacturing design cycles to improve the time it takes to bring a product to the marketplace, has garnered a best paper award at the 15th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC) for a team led by Sandeep Shukla, Virginia Tech associate …

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COIN-OR: COmputational INfrastructure for Operations Research. Includes optimization software, heuristics, and more.

Gnumeric: a spreadsheet with built-in solvers GLPK and lp_solve.

GLPK: linear and integer programming, including a parser for a subset of AMPL.

GOBLIN: Graph Object Library for Network Programming Problems. Includes a C++ library for graph optimization as well as a graph browser and editor.

OpenForecast: I have not used this, but it looks promising.

FLOPC++: An algebraic modelling language implemented as a C++ class library.

Zimpl: language to translate the mathematical model of a problem into a linear or (mixed-) integer mathematical program expressed in .lp or .mps file format.

Cliquer: routines for clique searching.

The operations management of any organization involves the design, operation, and improvement of the systems that create and deliver the primary products and services of the organization. From an organizational point of view, operations management may be defined as the management of the direct resources that are required to produce and deliver organizational goods and services. Operations management is an area of business that is concerned with the production of goods and services, and involves the responsibility of ensuring that business operations are efficient and effective. It is also the management of resources and the distribution of goods and services to customers. However, people tend to misunderstand operations management with the subject of operations research. 

            During 1940s, scientists of established reputation accepted the challenge of attempting to understand a host of common processes in military operations. Their team effort was called operations research and the focus of their attention was the science of military systems. Hence the world war 11 with its complex problems of logistic control and weapon systems design, provided the impetus for the development of interdisciplinary, mathematically oriented field of operations research.(OR).

            Operations Research, or simply OR is an interdisciplinary science which deploys scientific methods like mathematical modeling, statistics, and algorithms to decision making in complex real-world problems which are concerned with coordination and execution of the operations within an organization. The nature of organization is essentially immaterial. The eventual intention behind using this science is to elicit a best possible solution to a problem scientifically, which improves or optimizes the performance of the organization. Hence, Operations Research brings together practitioner in diverse fields such as mathematics, psychology, and economics etc. Specialists in these fields customarily formed a team to structure and analyze a problem in quantitative terms so that a mathematically optimum solution can be obtained. OR today provides many of the sophisticated quantitative tools in operations management (OM).

            Operations research also closely relates to industrial engineering which takes more of an engineering point of view, and industrial engineers typically consider OR techniques to be a major part of their toolset.

            Some of the primary tools used by operations researchers are statistics, optimization, and simulation. Because of the computational nature of these fields OR also has ties to computer science, and operations researchers regularly use custom-written or off-the-shelf software. Operations research is distinguished by its ability to look at and improve an entire system, rather than concentrating only on specific elements (though this is often done as well). An operations researcher faced with a new problem is expected to determine which techniques are most appropriate given the nature of the system, the goals for improvement, and constraints on time and computing power. For this and other reasons, the human element of OR is vital. Like any other tools, OR techniques cannot solve problems by themselves.

A few examples of applications in which operations research is currently used include designing layout of a factory for efficient flow of materials, constructing a telecommunications network at low cost while still guaranteeing quality service if particular connections become very busy or get damaged, road traffic management and ‘one way’ street allocations, determining the routes of school buses so that as few buses are needed as possible, designing the layout of a computer chip to reduce manufacturing time (therefore reducing cost), managing the flow of raw materials and products in a supply chain based on uncertain demand for the finished products, efficient messaging and customer response tactics, roboticizing or automating human-driven operations processes, globalizing operations processes in order to take advantage of cheaper materials, labor, or other productivity inputs, managing freight transportation and delivery systems, network data traffic: these are known as queuing models or queuing systems, sports events and their television coverage, blending of raw materials in oil refineries, etc, etc.

There was a lack of emphasis on operations management in the post war ii years, for many reasons.

(1) Following World War II, the United States was the obvious world leader in manufacturing. US dominance was the result of several factors including the virtually total destruction of most of the production capabilities of the other leading industrialized nations of the world.

(2) Under foregoing conditions, the lack of foreign competition till for some years resulted in lack of emphasis on operations management since most of the countries were not so serious about global market infiltration, with the collapse of technological power had before the war.

(3) With the demand significantly exceeding capacity during the post war period, emphasis was placed on output, and the operations function typically related to situations only when they occurred. Corporate managers during this period usually told operations managers to focus only on controlling production costs, rather than focusing on other aspects related to operations management.

It is also important to notice the resurgence of interest in OM today, mainly on the reasons as follows;

The ever increasing standard of living in society is a one of major factors that inspires resurgence of interest in operations management today. Operations management enables to increase productivity and better quality goods and service delivery. High productivity is the result of increased efficiency in operations, which in turn translates into lower cost goods and services. Thus higher productivity provides consumers with more discretionary income, which cintr9butes to their higher standard of living. The increased use of automation and robotics also improves the quality of goods.

Most companies today are taking up the challenge to producer environmentally friendly products with environmentally friendly processes all of which falls under the purview of operations management.

Operations management is continuously changing to meet the new and exciting challenges of today’s business world. This ever changing world is characterized by increasing global competition and advances in technology. To survive and prosper in such a global market, companies must excel in more than one competitive dimension. The rise of the global economy and the trend towards globalization has placed emphasis on the issues associated with logistics, quality, productivity and customer satisfaction which operations management made them integral in production sector.

Advances in technology in recent years also have had a significant impact on the operations management function. Information technology (IT) now allows us to collect detail customer data so that we customize products to meet the needs of individual customers..

Operations management provides a systematic way of looking at organizational processes. OM uses analytical thinking to deal with real world problems. It sharpens our understanding of the world around us, whether we are talking about how to compete with competitors or how many lines to add the bank teller’s window.

OM presents interesting career opportunities which can be in direct supervision of operations or in staff positions OM specialties such as quality assurance.

However, the reality is not always the same. Technology has raised the performance bar in both manufacturing and services sector by allowing firms to compete on several dimensions (low cost, quality, speed of delivery, customization etc) simultaneously. For example, firms using technology such as Dell Computer can produce and quickly deliver individually customized products at a very competitive price.

Automation is a result of technology advance that relate to the automatic operation of a production process. Some major developments in manufacturing automation include machining centers, numerically controlled machines, industrial robotics, computer aided design and manufacturing systems, flexible manufacturing systems, computer integrated manufacturing and islands of automation.

Advances in technology, including improved automated equipment, voice recognition systems, high speed data transmission lines like broadband, and faster and more powerful computers also have had a significant impact on services. Contributing to the growing trends in services is the fact that large amounts of data are readily accessible and can be transmitted inexpensively over long distances. Increase in self service, decrease on the importance of the location and the shift from time dependant to non-time dependant transactions and the increase in disintermediation are the results of technological advances in the services sector. Technology also has created the concepts of global and green village for the betterment of the humankind as a reply to its negative impacts such as mechanized human elements in a factory layout for instance.

Under circumstances, the author envisages the future role of the OM function as follows;

             In the new world of e-business, competition takes on a new intensity and a variety of flavors. The unique dynamics of the international online marketplace often requires organizations to pursue multiple, simultaneous, and seemingly contradictory strategies. To identify what is both possible and advantageous, organizations must learn to think smarter and act faster – more so than the toughest competitors they can possibly imagine. This means moving beyond market leadership to another level – one that enables an enterprise to “leapfrog” the competition.

            International e-business success starts with world-class supply chain management and an enabling infrastructure that is a critical component of today’s global enterprise not to be overlooked. E-business is obviously the future, and the Business-to-Business (B2B) component is taking the lead in defining what success will look like in this future. Additionally, in this emerging world of business, adaptation to constant change will prove an important ingredient for success. The future role of operations management should taker the above factors into serious consideration if any firm seeks to secure and sustain in competitive edge.

            Future opportunities are hard to estimate, and many change programs are therefore built on limited information. Case decisions are often made on the basis of previous internal successes and failures rather than a fact-based market review.

Companies often set targets for change without having the full picture of the current environment, which means that either the outcome of the change is not considered optimal or the costs of the change are deemed too high to generate a net benefit.

Too many Business Process Re-engineering projects have been launched with great expectations and end with disappointing results.

            Strategy should be based on a concrete understanding of market capabilities, practices and processes, to allow specific operational targets to be clearly articulated and demonstrated. A framework needs to be put in place to accurately describe current and future operational performance, in order to increase confidence and credibility in the change and improvement process.

            Operations management as a field deals with the production of goods and services that we come in everyday contact in domestic life. Without effective management of operations, a modern industrialized society can not exist. Operations are the engine that creates wealth for the enterprise and underpins the global economy.

            Operations managers however have important responsibilities in the service sector as well (80% is in the service sector in USA) such as in hotels, banks airlines retail stores etc. In each of these organizations, operations mangers are responsible for providing the supply of services much like their counterparts in manufacturing product the supply of goods.

Managing the transformation process in an efficient and effective manner is the tasks of the operations manager in any type of organization. Wealth is created in the global economy through excellent operations management. Wealth creation occurs when the value of outputs in goods and services exceeds the cost of the inputs used. It is reflected in the standard of living of the people and is a function of constantly increasing productivity.

Raising productivity of operations, the ratio of output to input, is therefore the primary basis for creating wealth. A company can not prosper in ling run unless they have higher productivity than their domestic and foreign competitors. The tasks of the future operations manager can not be withdrawn from wealth creation. The future operations manager must be more sensitive and challengeable than today in creating wealth by improving productivity.

Product Description
This comprehensive two-volume set provides all the necessary concepts of capital investment evaluation, capital budgeting, and decision analysis. Volume 2 is specifically designed to present the concepts of decision analysis, incorporating risk and uncertainty as applied to capital investments. Mian takes the reader step-by-step through the decision-making process, providing comprehensive coverage of all decision analysis tools currently available while out… More >>

Project Economics and Decision Analysis: Probabilistic Models

Lecture Series on Fundamentals of Operations Research by Prof.G.Srinivasan, Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras. For more details on NPTEL visit nptel.iitm.ac.in

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Product Description
Industrial engineering has expanded from its origins in manufacturing to transportation, health care, logistics, services, and more. A common denominator among all these industries, and one of the biggest challenges facing decision-makers, is the unpredictability of systems. Probability Models in Operations Research provides a comprehensive overview of the probabilistic and stochastic modeling approaches commonly used to capture the randomness in industrial a… More >>

Probability Models in Operations Research

Product Description
Effective procedures for mathematical tasks in many fields: resolving linear independence, finding null spaces and factors of matrices; differentiating vectors and matrices by chain rule, many more. Techniques illustrated in examples. 1,300 problems. 1978 edition.
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Mathematics for Operations Research

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• ISBN13: 9780070080201
• Condition: NEW
• Notes: Brand New from Publisher. No Remainder Mark.

Product Description
Tackling the broad range of allocation problems that actually confront engineers, programmers and analysts in today’s business and industrial worlds, this book takes readers step-by-step through all the mathematical programming techniques–including the trailblazing Karmarkar algorithm–needed to excel in any operations research course. It’s easy to see why the first edition of this invaluable study guide sole more than 35,000 copies! It cuts down study time while i… More >>

Schaum’s Outline of Operations Research

Product Description
This book is specifically designed to change the way deterministic optimization is taught to introductory students. Toward this end, it exposes students to the broad scope of the topic, reinforces the basic principles, sparks students’ enthusiasm about the field, provides tools of immediate relevance and develops the skills necessary to use those tools…. More >>

Optimization in Operations Research

Operations Research (O.R.) creates value all around us – in business, the military, health care, and the public sector. Organizations ranging in size from small businesses to large are using O.R. to do more with less. The availability of faster computers and our collaboration with IT departments gives us more and more opportunities to create value using O.R.

O.R. improves effectiveness. And there are many, many other benefits.

1. Business insight: Providing quantitative and business insight into complex problems.

2. Business performance: Improving business performance through analysis and recommendations about business processes.

3. Cost reduction: Decreasing cost or investment.

4. Decision making: Assessing the likely outcomes of decision alternatives and uncovering better alternatives.

5. Forecasting: Providing a better basis for forecasting and planning.

6. Improved scheduling: Efficiently scheduling staff, vehicles, and machinery.

7. Planning: Applying quantitative techniques in support of operations, tactical planning, and strategic planning.

8. Pricing: Dynamically pricing products and services.

9. Productivity: Helping companies and organizations become more productive.

10. Profits: Increasing revenue or return on investment, increasing market share.

11. Project development: Demonstrating feasibility and workability and assisting with training.

12. Quality: Improving quality, and quantifying and balancing qualitative considerations.

13. Recovery: Gaining greater control, achieving turn-around.

14. Resources: Gaining greater utilization from limited equipment, facilities, money, and personnel.

15. Risk: Managing and reducing risk.

16. Throughput: Increasing speed or throughput, decreasing delays.

Source: INFORMS

CollegeGrad.com – Career Videos, Operations Research Analysts. Making a management decision requires hard data along with wisdom and leadership. That information is supplied by Operations Research Analysts.

Product Description
For junior/senior undergraduate and first-year graduate courses in Operations Research in departments of Industrial Engineering, Business Administration, Statistics, Computer Science, and Mathematics. Significantly revised, this text streamlines the coverage of the theory, applications, and computations of operations research. Numerical examples are effectively used to explain complex mathematical concepts. A separate chapter of fully analyzed applications aptly d… More >>

Operations Research: An Introduction

Leon Lasdon, a professor in the Information, Risk, and Operations Management department at the McCombs School of Business at The University of Texas at Austin, discussed the importance of operations research (OR) as an element of corporate decision making Oct. 16 during his undergraduate Faculty Research Presentation Series lecture.

Product Description
For over four decades, Introduction to Operations Research by Frederick Hillier has been the classic text on operations research. While building on the classic strengths of the text, the author continues to find new ways to make the text current and relevant to students. One way is by incorporating a wealth of state-of-the-art, user-friendly software and more coverage of business applications than ever before. The hallmark features of this edition include clear and … More >>

Introduction to Operations Research with Student Access Card